Why is Algeria a good country for solar energy?

With an estimated area of over 2.3 million km 2, of which the Sahara represents 80%, Algeria enjoys a significant advantage, making it a substantial global reserve for solar energy. Thus, Algerian electricity users expect a reliable, affordable, and high-quality energy supply that is both sustainable and environmentally friendly.

What is the global horizontal solar radiation for Algeria?

The global horizontal solar radiation for Algeria. Using the non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm NSGA II, Attemene et al. developed an optimized system consisting of wind turbines (WT), fuel cells (FC), and an electrolyzer for reducing the overall annual cost.

How does a battery storage system work?

The battery storage system operates according to its maximum charge S O C m a x and minimum S O C m i n. The charge energy of the battery can be expressed in terms of E ch (t) and the discharge energy in terms of E disch (t). All loading and unloading operations are carried out according to the following rates mentioned by .

How does charging a battery reduce energy consumption?

When the demand for loads is higher than the energy produced from renewable sources, the deficit is covered by discharging the stored energy in the battery system, leading to a reduction in energy, as observed through the variation between the charging and discharging energy in Fig. 14.

Where is Algeria located?

Algeria is located in North Africa, and shares borders with several countries, where it is bordered by Morocco, Mauritania and Western Sahara to the west, Tunisia and Libya to the east, Mali to the southwest, and Niger to the southeast.